Protective effect of Guanxin Danshen formula on myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury in rats

Purpose: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) leads to myocardial tissue necrosis, which will increase the size of myocardial infarction. The study examined the protective effect and mechanism of the Guanxin Danshen formula (GXDSF) on MIRI in rats. Methods: MIRI model was performed in rats; rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes were hypoxia-reoxygenated to establish a cell injury model. Results: The GXDSF significantly reduced myocardial ischemia area, reduced myocardial structural injury, decreased the levels of interleukin (IL-1ß, IL-6) in serum, decreased the activity of myocardial enzymes, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione in rats with MIRI. The GXDSF can reduce the expression of nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3), IL-1ß, caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in myocardial tissue cells. Salvianolic acid B and notoginsenoside R1 protected H9C2 cardiomyocytes from hypoxia and reoxygenation injury and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in the cell supernatant, decreasing the NLRP3, IL-18, IL-1ß, caspase-1, and GSDMD expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. GXDSF can reduce the myocardial infarction area and alleviate the damage to myocardial structure in rats with MIRI, which may be related to the regulation of the NLRP3. Conclusion: GXDSF reduces MIRI in rat myocardial infarction injury, improves structural damage in myocardial ischemia injury, and reduces myocardial tissue inflammation and oxidative stress by lowering inflammatory factors and controlling focal cell death signaling pathways.

Otimização da Terapia de Reperfusão no Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST por Meio de Telemedicina Baseada no WhatsApp® / Reperfusion Therapy Optimization in Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation using WhatsApp®-Based Telemedicine

Resumo Fundamento Cerca de 40% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMCSST) no Brasil não recebem terapia de reperfusão. Objetivo A utilização de uma rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® poderia aumentar a porcentagem de pacientes que recebem terapia de reperfusão. Métodos Estudo transversal do tipo antes e depois da organização de uma rede de telemedicina para envio e análise do eletrocardiograma através do WhatsApp® dos pacientes suspeitos de IAMCSST oriundos dos 25 municípios integrantes do Departamento Regional de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII), para hospital terciário que poderia autorizar a transferência imediata do paciente utilizando o mesmo sistema. O desfechos analisados foram a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Considerou-se valor de p <0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram comparados 82 pacientes antes desta rede (1º de fevereiro de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2018) com 196 pacientes depois da implantação da mesma (1º de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020). Após a implantação da rede, houve aumento significativo da proporção de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfusão (60% vs. 92%), risco relativo (RR): 1,594 [intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,331 - 1,909], p <0,0001 e redução da mortalidade intra-hospitalar (13,4% vs. 5,6%), RR: 0,418 [IC 95% 0,189 - 0,927], p = 0,028. Conclusão Rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp® associou-se a aumento da porcentagem de pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia de reperfusão e a redução na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

Abstract Background About 40% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Brazil do not receive reperfusion therapy. Objective The use of a telemedicine network based on WhatsApp® could increase the percentage of patients receiving reperfusion therapy. Methods A cross-sectional study analyzed outcomes before and after the organization of a telemedicine network to send the electrocardiogram via WhatsApp® of patients suspected of STEMI from 25 municipalities that are members of the Regional Health Department of Ribeirão Preto (DRS−XIII) to a tertiary hospital, which could authorize immediate patient transfer using the same system. The analyzed outcomes included the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy and the in-hospital mortality rate. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study compared 82 patients before (February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2018) with 196 patients after this network implementation (February 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020). After implementing this network, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy (60% vs. 92%), relative risk (RR): 1.594 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.331 - 1.909], p < 0.0001 and decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate (13.4% vs. 5.6%), RR: 0.418 [95%CI 0.189 - 0.927], p = 0.028. Conclusion The use of WhatsApp®-based telemedicine has led to an increase in the percentage of patients with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy and a decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate.

Reperfusion Strategies in Acute Myocardial Infarction: State of the Art

Abstract ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Reperfusion therapy is strongly associated with the prognosis of STEMI and must be performed with a high standard of quality and without delay. A systematic review of different reperfusion strategies for STEMI was conducted, including randomized controlled trials that included major cardiovascular events (MACE), and systematic reviews in the last 5 years through the PRISMA ( Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) methodology. The research was done in the PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, in addition to a few manual searches. After the exclusion criteria were applied, 90 articles were selected for this review. Despite the reestablishment of IRA patency in PCI for STEMI, microvascular lesions occur in a significant proportion of these patients, which can compromise ventricular function and clinical course. Several therapeutic strategies - intracoronary administration of nicorandil, nitrates, melatonin, antioxidant drugs (quercetin, glutathione), anti-inflammatory substances (tocilizumab [an inhibitor of interleukin 6], inclacumab, P-selectin inhibitor), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), erythropoietin and ischemic pre- and post-conditioning and stem cell therapy - have been tested to reduce reperfusion injury, ventricular remodeling and serious cardiovascular events, with heterogeneous results: These therapies need confirmation in larger studies to be implemented in clinical practice

Acurácia da redução do segmento-ST pós-trombólise como preditor de reperfusão adequada em estratégia fármaco-invasiva / Accuracy of post-thrombolysis ST-segment reduction as an adequate reperfusion predictor in the pharmaco-invasive aproach

Resumo Fundamento A intervenção coronária percutânea primária é considerada o "padrão-ouro" para reperfusão coronária. Entretanto, quando não disponível, a estratégia fármaco-invasiva é método alternativo, e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) tem sido utilizado para identificar sucesso na reperfusão. Objetivos Nosso estudo teve como objetivo examinar alterações no segmento-ST pós-lise e seu poder de prever a recanalização, usando os escores angiográficos TIMI e blush miocárdio (MBG) como critério de reperfusão ideal. Métodos Foram estudados 2.215 pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra-ST submetidos à fibrinólise [(Tenecteplase)-TNK] e encaminhados para angiografia coronária em até 24 h pós-fibrinólise ou imediatamente encaminhados à terapia de resgate. O ECG foi realizado pré-TNK e 60 min-pós. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos: aqueles com reperfusão ideal (TIMI-3 e MBG-3) e aqueles com reperfusão inadequada (fluxo TIMI <3). Foi definido o critério de reperfusão do ECG pela redução do segmento ST >50%. Consideramos p-valor <0,05 para as análises, com testes bicaudais. Resultados O critério de reperfusão pelo ECG apresentou valor preditivo positivo de 56%; valor preditivo negativo de 66%; sensibilidade de 79%; e especificidade de 40%. Houve fraca correlação positiva entre a redução do segmento-ST e os dados angiográficos de reperfusão ideal (r = 0,21; p <0,001) e baixa precisão diagnóstica, com AUC de 0,60 (IC-95%; 0,57-0,62). Conclusão Em nossos resultados, a redução do segmento-ST não conseguiu identificar com precisão os pacientes com reperfusão angiográfica apropriada. Portanto, mesmo pacientes com reperfusão aparentemente bem-sucedida devem ser encaminhados à angiografia brevemente, a fim de garantir fluxo coronário macro e microvascular adequados.

Abstract Background Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is considered the "gold standard" for coronary reperfusion. However, when not available, the drug-invasive strategy is an alternative method and the electrocardiogram (ECG) has been used to identify reperfusion success. Objectives Our study aimed to assess ST-Segment changes in post-thrombolysis and their power to predict recanalization and using the angiographic scores TIMI-flow and Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG) as an ideal reperfusion criterion. Methods 2,215 patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) undergoing fibrinolysis [(Tenecteplase)-TNK] and referred to coronary angiography within 24 h post-fibrinolysis or immediately referred to rescue therapy were studied. The ECG was performed pre- and 60 min-post-TNK. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with ideal reperfusion (TIMI-3 and MBG-3) and those with inadequate reperfusion (TIMI and MBG <3). The ECG reperfusion criterion was defined by the reduction of the ST-Segment >50%. A p-value <0.05 was considered for the analyses, with bicaudal tests. Results The ECG reperfusion criterion showed a positive predictive value of 56%; negative predictive value of 66%; sensitivity of 79%; and specificity of 40%. There was a weak positive correlation between ST-Segment reduction and ideal reperfusion angiographic data (r = 0.21; p <0.001) and low diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.60 (95%CI: 0.57-0.62). Conclusion The ST-Segment reduction was not able to accurately identify patients with adequate angiographic reperfusion. Therefore, even patients with apparently successful reperfusion should be referred to angiography soon, to ensure adequate macro and microvascular coronary flow.

Acesso à Terapia de Reperfusão e Mortalidade em Mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Registro VICTIM / Access to Reperfusion Therapy and Mortality in Women with ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: VICTIM Register

Resumo Fundamento: A reperfusão miocárdica é parte fundamental do tratamento para infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST) e é responsável por reduzir morbimortalidade no paciente acometido. No entanto, as taxas de reperfusão são geralmente mais baixas e as taxas de mortalidade mais altas em mulheres que em homens. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência do uso de terapias de reperfusão em mulheres e homens com IAMCSST nos hospitais com capacidade para realizar intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) no estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal que utilizou dados do Registro VICTIM. Foram avaliados pacientes com diagnóstico de IAMCSST admitidos nos quatro hospitais com capacidade para realizar ICP no estado de Sergipe, sendo um público e três privados, no período de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2018. Foi aplicada análise multivariada com modelo ajustado utilizando mortalidade como variável dependente. Em todas as análises, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram incluídos 878 voluntários com diagnóstico confirmado de IAMCSST, dos quais 33,4% eram mulheres. Apenas 53,3% dos pacientes foram submetidos à reperfusão miocárdica (134 mulheres versus 334 homens). A fibrinólise foi realizada somente em 2,3% de todos os pacientes (1,7% das mulheres versus 2,6% dos homens; p=0,422). Nas mulheres, a taxa de ICP primária foi menor (44% versus 54,5%; p=0,003) e a mortalidade hospitalar foi maior (16,1% versus 6,7%; p<0,001) que nos homens. Conclusão: As mulheres apresentam taxas significativamente menores de ICP primária e significativamente maiores de mortalidade hospitalar que os homens. A taxa de reperfusão em ambos os gêneros foi baixa e houve nítida subutilização de agentes trombolíticos.

Abstract Background: Myocardial reperfusion is a fundamental part of the treatment for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is responsible for reducing morbidity and mortality in affected patients. However, reperfusion rates are usually lower and mortality rates higher in women compared to men. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of the use of reperfusion therapies among women and men with STEMI in hospitals where percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is available in the state of Sergipe. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the VICTIM Register. Patients diagnosed with STEMI admitted to the four hospitals (one public and three private) where PCI is available in the state of Sergipe were evaluated, from December 2014 to June 2018. A multivariate analysis with adjusted model using mortality as a dependent variable was made. In all analyses, the level of significance adopted was 5% (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 878 volunteers with a confirmed diagnosis of STEMI, of which 33.4% were women, were included in the study. Only 53.3% of the patients underwent myocardial reperfusion (134 women versus 334 men). Fibrinolysis was performed only in 2.3% of all patients (1.7% of women versus 2.6% of men; p = 0.422). The rate of primary PCI was lower (44% versus 54.5%; p = 0.003) and hospital mortality was higher (16.1% versus 6.7%; p < 0.001) in women than in men. Conclusion: Women have significantly lower rates of primary PCI and higher hospital mortality. Reperfusion rates were low in both sexes and there was a clear underutilization of thrombolytic agents.

Guía práctica interinstitucional para el tratamiento del infarto agudo de miocardio / Interinstitutional clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction

Resumen Introducción: México tiene la mortalidad más alta a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el cual constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad en el país: 28 % versus 7.5 % del promedio de los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Objetivo: Establecer las rutas críticas y las estrategias farmacológicas esenciales interinstitucionales para la atención de los pacientes con IAM en México, independientemente de su condición socioeconómica. Método: Se reunió a un grupo de expertos en diagnóstico y tratamiento de IAM, representantes de las principales instituciones públicas de salud de México, así como las sociedades cardiológicas mexicanas, Cruz Roja Mexicana y representantes de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, con la finalidad de optimizar las estrategias con base en la mejor evidencia existente. Resultados: Se diseñó una guía de práctica clínica interinstitucional para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno del IAM con elevación del segmento ST, siguiendo el horizonte clínico de la enfermedad, con la propuesta de algoritmos que mejoren el pronóstico de los pacientes que acuden por IAM a los servicios de urgencias. Conclusión: Con la presente guía práctica, el grupo de expertos propone universalizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento en el IAM, independientemente de la condición socioeconómica del paciente.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico has the highest 30-day acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate: 28% versus 7.5% on average for the OECD countries, and it constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in the country. Objective: To establish critical pathways and essential interinstitutional pharmacological strategies for the care of patients with AMI in Mexico, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Method: A group of experts in AMI diagnosis and treatment, representatives of the main public health institutions in Mexico, as well as the Mexican cardiology societies, the Mexican Red Cross and representatives of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, were brought together in order to optimize strategies based on the best existing evidence. Results: An interinstitutional clinical practice guideline was designed for early diagnosis and timely treatment of AMI with ST elevation, following the clinical horizon of the disease, with the proposal of algorithms that improve the prognosis of patients who attend the emergency services due to an AMI. Conclusion: With these clinical practice guidelines, the group of experts proposes to universalize AMI diagnosis and treatment, regardless of patient socioeconomic status.

Manejo del Infarto Agudo de Miocardio con elevación de ST en pacientes adultos de la Unidad Técnica de Cardiología del HECAM / Management of ST elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction in adult patients of the Technical Unit of Cardiology of HECAM

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad isquémica cardiaca es la pri-mera causa de muerte a nivel mundial. A pesar de no tener estadísticas certeras, Amé-rica Latina incurre en la tendencia de un au-mento en la mortalidad por enfermedad car-diovascular; una de las probables causas es la rápida urbanización que ha sido asociada a mayor exposición de riesgo cardiovas-cular1. Es sabido que la única medida efec-tiva para preservar la función ventricular y disminuir la mortalidad, reinfarto y acci-dente cerebrovascular es la apertura rápida de la arteria culpada para reestablecer el flujo coronario2.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite not having ac-curate statistics, Latin America incurs the trend of an increase in mortality from car-diovascular disease; one of the probable causes is rapid urbanization that has been associated with greater exposure to car-diovascular risk1. It is known that the only effective measure to preserve ventricular function and reduce mortality, reinfarction and stroke is the rapid opening of the culprit artery to reestablish coronary flow2.

Hacia una medicina de excelencia en México: el protocolo Código Infarto, una visión desde la bioética traslacional / Towards medicine of excellence in Mexico: the "Código Infarto" protocol, a view from the perspective of translational bioethics

Resumen Introducción: México es el país con mayor mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAM CEST), por lo que el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social desarrolló el protocolo de atención para los servicios de urgencias denominado Código Infarto. En este artículo se discuten aspectos de la medicina traslacional con una perspectiva bioética e integral. Objetivo: Analizar el protocolo Código Infarto desde la perspectiva de la bioética traslacional. Método: Se realizó una aproximación centrada en el problema a través del equilibrio reflexivo, así como la aplicación del método integral para el discernimiento ético. Resultados: El protocolo de atención para los servicios de urgencias Código Infarto se rige por la medicina basada en la evidencia y la medicina basada en valores; se orienta por el principio de integridad que considera las seis dimensiones de la calidad para la atención de pacientes con IAM CEST. Conclusión: El protocolo supera algunos determinantes sociales adversos que afectan la atención médica del IAM CEST, disminuye la mortalidad, la carga económica global de la enfermedad y desarrolla una medicina de excelencia de alto alcance social.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico is the country with the highest mortality due to ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), and the IMSS has therefore developed the protocol of care for emergency departments called Código Infarto (Infarction Code). In this article, aspects of translational medicine are discussed with a bioethical and comprehensive perspective. Objective: To analyze the Código Infarto protocol from the perspective of translational bioethics. Method: A problem-centered approach was carried out through reflective equilibrium (or Rawls' method), as well as by applying the integral method for ethical discernment. Results: The protocol of care for emergency services Código Infarto is governed by evidence-based medicine and value-based medicine; it is guided by a principle of integrity that considers six dimensions of quality for the care of patients with STEMI. Conclusion: The protocol overcomes some adverse social determinants that affect STEMI medical care, reduces mortality and global economic disease burden, and develops medicine of excellence with high social reach.

Características do primeiro infarto agudo do miocárdio em indivíduos jovens / Characteristics of the first acute myocardial infarction in young adults

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil de gravidade de pessoas muito jovens (<30 anos) e jovens (<40 anos) atendidas com o primeiro episódio de infarto agudo do miocárdio e relacionar os fatores de risco e as lesões coronarianas. Método: Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva que avaliou 712 pessoas no período de agosto de 2016 a fevereiro de 2020, hospitalizadas pelo primeiro episódio de infarto agudo do miocárdio e atendidas na região da Grande Florianópolis. Foram avaliados fatores de risco, os escores Syntax e TIMI frame count, a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, o valor de delta t e o tempo porta-balão. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p<0,05. Resultado: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica teve menor prevalência entre os participantes muito jovens (<30 anos) quando comparados aos com mais idade (0% versus 58,7%; p=0,012), o que se repete também no grupo dos jovens (<40 anos), quando comparados aos com mais idade (26,1% versus 59,3%; p=0,002). Houve maior prevalência de uso de álcool nos muito jovens (80% versus 33,3%; p=0,046), e a prevalência de drogadição neste grupo foi de 40%, quando comparados aos pacientes com 30 anos ou mais (3,3%; p=0,046), e, nos jovens (<40 anos), quando comparados aos com 40 anos ou mais, foi de 21,7% (versus 2,9%; p=0,011). Os menores de 40 anos tiveram mais eventos com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST quando comparados aos pacientes com mais idade ­ sendo que, no grupo dos muito jovem (<30 anos), 100% apresentaram essa alteração eletrocardiográfica versus 48,8% nos com 30 anos ou mais (p=0,028). Os jovens tiveram maior razão de chances de apresentar disfunção ventricular esquerda pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (razão de chance de 4,24; p=0,026), além de apresentarem um fator protetor para melhor reperfusão coronariana pós-angioplastia (razão de chance de 0,135; p=0,063) e não obtiveram diferença significativa quanto ao delta t prolongado (razão de chance de 0,72; p=0,547) e ao tempo porta-balão prolongado (razão de chance de 0,86; p=0,776). Conclusão: Jovens têm menor prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e maior de uso de drogas e álcool. Em sua maioria, apresentaram infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e maior razão de chances de apresentar disfunção ventricular esquerda, apesar de um maior fluxo coronariano pós- -angioplastia. Não houve diferença quanto ao delta t e tempo porta-balão entre os participantes jovens e muito jovens.

Objective: To assess the severity profile of very young (<30 years old) and young (<40 years old) people seen with the first episode of myocardial infarction and to relate risk factors and coronary lesions. Method: A prospective cohort was performed that evaluated 712 individuals, from August 2016 to February 2020, admitted with first episode of myocardial infarction in hospitals in the metropolitan area of Florianópolis. Risk factors, Syntax scores, TIMI frame count, left ventricular ejection fraction, delta-t value, and door-to-balloon time were evaluated. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Result: Systemic arterial hypertension had a lower prevalence in very young (<30 years) when compared to the older ones (0% versus 58.7%; p=0.012), and is the same for the young group (<40 years) when compared to the older ones (26.1% versus 59.3%; p=0.002). There was a higher prevalence of alcohol use in the very young (80% versus 33.3%; p=0.046) and the prevalence of drug addiction in this group was of 40% when compared the participants of 30 years or more (versus 3.3%; p=0.046), and, in the young group (<40 years) when compared to those of 40 years or more was of 21.7% (versus 2.9%; p=0.011). The ones below 40 years had more ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction when compared to the older patients ­ and in the very young group (<30 years) 100% showed this electrocardiographic alteration versus 48.8% in those of 30 years or more (p=0.028). The young group had a higher odds ratio for left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction (odds ratio of 4.24; p=0.026), and had a protecting factor for better post-angioplasty coronary reperfusion (odds ratio of 0.135; p=0.063) and showed no significant difference in terms of prolonged delta-t (odds ratio of 0.72; p=0.547) and prolonged door-to-balloon time (odds ratio of 0.86; p=0.776). Conclusion: Young people have a lower prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and a higher prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse. Most of them had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and a higher odds ratio for presenting left ventricular dysfunction, despite a greater coronary flow after angioplasty. There was no difference regarding delta-t and door-to-balloon time among young and very young participants.

Desfechos clínicos de pacientes após uso de terapia fibrinolítica pré-hospitalar: revisão sistemática / Resultados clínicos de pacientes después del uso de terapia fibrinolítica prehospitalaria: revisión sistemática / Clinical outcomes of patients after using prehospital fibrinolytic therapy: a systematic review

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar desfechos clínicos de óbito, reinfarto e Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) em estudos primários que avaliaram o uso da Terapia Fibrinolítica (TF) em relação à Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea Primária (ICPP) para reperfusão miocárdica em pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST) no atendimento pré-hospitalar. Método: Revisão sistemática de literatura com busca realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Science Direct, SCOPUS e Web of Science no período de outubro a dezembro de 2017. Foram incluídos Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados, disponíveis na íntegra, em qualquer idioma, sem recorte temporal. A avaliação da elegibilidade foi realizada em duas etapas e aplicada a Escala de Jadad para avaliação metodológica dos estudos encontrados. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco Ensaios Clínicos Randomizados. A TF pré-hospitalar apresentou taxas de mortalidade em 30 dias após a intervenção semelhantes à ICPP, enquanto que em cinco anos foram encontrados valores menores para a TF. O tratamento instituído em um período menor que duas horas dos sintomas iniciais apresentou associação com a diminuição da mortalidade quando foi utilizada a TF. O reinfarto não-fatal, acidente vascular encefálico e a hemorragia intracraniana foram maiores quando utilizada a TF, enquanto que o choque cardiogênico apresentou menor frequência. Conclusão: A TF foi mais eficaz no tratamento pré-hospitalar para a redução dos óbitos após cinco anos, entretanto, o reinfarto e o AVE ocorreram de forma semelhante na amostra analisada. O fator tempo reduziu os desfechos clínicos, principalmente quando a terapia implementada ocorreu em até duas horas após a ocorrência do IAMCST. Assim, apesar das intervenções terem apresentado desfechos semelhantes, entretanto, a TF pode representar um tratamento viável em locais onde a ICPP não pode ser alcançada em tempo hábil.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar resultados clínicos de fallecimiento, reinfarto y accidente vascular encefálico (AVE) en estudios primarios que analizaron el uso de la terapia fibrinolítica (TF) respecto a la intervención coronaria percutánea primaria (ICPP) para reperfusión miocárdica en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST (IAMCST) en la atención prehospitalaria. Método: Revisión sistemática de literatura con búsqueda realizada en las bases de datos CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Science Direct, SCOPUS y Web of Science en el período de octubre a diciembre de 2017. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con texto completo disponible, en cualquier idioma, sin recorte temporal. El análisis de elegibilidad se realizó en dos etapas y se aplicó la escala de Jadad para una evaluación metodológica de los estudios encontrados. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La TF prehospitalaria presentó índices de mortalidad 30 días después de la intervención semejantes a la ICPP, mientras que en cinco años se encontraron valores menores en la TF. El tratamiento aplicado en un período menor a dos horas desde los síntomas iniciales presentó una relación con la reducción de la mortalidad cuando se utilizó la TF. Los reinfartos no fatales, los accidentes vasculares encefálicos y las hemorragias intracerebrales fueron mayores cuando se utilizó la TF, mientras que los choques cardiogénicos presentaron menor frecuencia. Conclusión: La TF fue más eficaz en el tratamiento prehospitalario para reducir los fallecimientos después de cinco años, sin embargo, los reinfartos y los AVE ocurrieron de forma semejante en la muestra analizada. El factor tiempo redujo los resultados clínicos, principalmente cuando la terapia implementada ocurrió hasta dos horas después del episodio del IAMCST. De esta forma, a pesar de que las intervenciones presentaron resultados semejantes, la TF puede representar un tratamiento viable en lugares donde la ICPP no puede realizarse a tiempo.

Abstract Objective: To compare clinical outcomes of death, reinfarction, and stroke in primary studies assessing Fibrinolytic Therapy (FT) use in relation to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI) for myocardial reperfusion in patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) in prehospital care. Method: A systematic literature review conducted in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases from October to December 2017. Randomized Clinical Trials, available in full, in any language, without temporal clipping were included. The eligibility assessment was carried out in two stages and applied to the Jadad Scale for methodological assessment of the studies found. Results: Five Randomized Clinical Trials were included. Prehospital FT presented mortality rates at 30 days after the intervention similar to PPCI, while in five years lower values were found for FT. The treatment instituted in a period of less than two hours of the initial symptoms was associated with the decrease in mortality when FT was used. Non-fatal reinfarction, stroke and intracranial hemorrhage were higher when FT was used, while cardiogenic shock showed lower frequency. Conclusion: FT was more effective in prehospital treatment to reduce deaths after five years, however, reinfarction and stroke occurred similarly in the sample analyzed. The time factor reduced clinical outcomes, especially when the implemented therapy occurred within two hours after the occurrence of STEMI. Thus, although the interventions presented similar outcomes. However, FT may represent a viable treatment in places where PPCI cannot be achieved in a timely manner.

A intervenção precoce do paciente com síndrome coronariana aguda e sua implicação na redução da morbimortalidade cardiovascular / The early intervention of acute coronary disease and its implication in the reduction of cardiovascular morbimortality

Introdução. O infarto agudo do miocárdio apresenta significativas taxas de morbimortalidade. A reperfusão precoce por angioplastia primária é a intervenção que reduz a mortalidade e as complicações, e deve ser iniciada em até 12 horas, a fim de impedir a perda muscular irreversível. O tempo entre chegada do paciente ao hospital e a abertura da artéria acometida, tempo porta-balão, determina a morbimortalidade do paciente. Objetivo. Esse estudo busca analisar o potencial benefício do tratamento da reperfusão coronariana precoce, os fatores de risco, as possíveis complicações e o Killip em pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionando-os a sua morbimortalidade. Materiais e métodos. Estudo observacional transversal realizado por meio de coleta de dados dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a angioplastia primária de um hospital privado. Resultados. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a variável mais prevalente (75%), e que houve predomínio no sexo masculino (71%) e associação com a progressão da idade. 61% dos pacientes apresentaram um tempo porta balão menor que 90 minutos. Houve significância estatística entre o tempo porta balão e a evolução do Killip, evidenciando um tempo porta-balão maior que 90 minutos na maioria dos pacientes que obtiveram aumento da pontuação do Killip. Conclusão. A precocidade da intervenção no paciente com IAM impacta na morbimortalidade, visto que o tempo porta balão está diretamente associado a evolução da do Killip. Logo, deve-se identificar os fatores que interferem no atendimento, a fim de proporcionar uma intervenção otimizada. (AU)

Introduction. Acute myocardial infarction has significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Early reperfusion by primary angioplasty is the intervention that reduces mortality and complications, and should be started within 12 hours in order to prevent irreversible muscle loss. The time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and the opening of the affected artery, door-to-balloon time, determines the patient's morbidity and mortality. Objective. The proposition of this study is to analyze the potential benefits of early coronary reperfusion, associated with the risk factors, possible complications, and the Killip score in patients whit acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the relation of those factors with the morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods. This is a transversal observational study and uses data collected of medical records of patients subjected to primary angioplasty in a private hospital. Results. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent one (75%), it was more common in males (71%) and associated with a higher age. In 61% of the patients port-balloon time was less than 90 minutes. There was statistical significance between port-balloon time and Killip score evaluation, that showed a higher score in patient with a port-balloon time that exceeded 90 minutes. Conclusion. Early intervention in patients with AMI impacts morbimortality, once that the port-balloon time is directly associated with the Killip score results. Therefore, all factors that can lead to a delay in their care of those patients should be identified with the objective of optimize the intervention. (AU)

Impacto de la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19 en las estrategias de reperfusión del síndrome coronario agudo / Impact of COVID-19 on reperfusion strategies for acute coronary syndromes

Resumen Las terapias de reperfusión, tales como intervención coronaria y fibrinólisis, son las principales medidas de atención en pacientes con síndromes coronarios agudos. La angioplastia primaria se considera el estándar de oro, sin embargo, en pacientes con infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), la estrategia de reperfusión más recomendada es la terapia fibrinolítica, debido al menor tiempo requerido para realizarla y menor exposición al agente infeccioso. Esta pandemia representa una problemática de contagio en el personal de salud, ya que los casos van en aumento a nivel mundial, por lo cual es importante conocer las medidas que se deben seguir a fin de evitar la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).

Abstract Reperfusion therapy is a measure of care in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which should be performed once we have the diagnosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention is considered the gold standard, however in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the reperfusion strategy is more focused on fibrinolytic therapy due to the shorter time required to perform and less exposure. This pandemic represents a contact problem in health personnel, since cases are increasing worldwide, so it is important to know the measures that must be followed to avoid coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

de Winter syndrome, an easily ignored but life-threatening disease: a case report / 浙江大学学报·医学版

de Winter syndrome is a special equivalent of anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) characterized by the absence of overt ST-elevation with upsloping ST-segment depression followed by tall symmetrical T-waves in the precordial leads, often associated with total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Herein we present a case of de Winter syndrome in a 63-year-old man, whose initial ECG showed no ST-segment elevation, but subsequent coronary angiography confirmed total occlusion of the proximal LAD coronary artery. The patient was successfully treated via mechanical reperfusion therapy and stenting through percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). de Winter syndrome is associated with a high mortality often due to insufficient awareness of this condition by clinicians. Immediate reperfusion therapy by PCI is the life-saving treatment for the patients diagnosed with this syndrome, and prompt recognition of the ECG pattern is critical to ensure the timely administration of the therapy.

Beneficios perioperatorios por condicionamiento isquémico a distancia en la revascularización coronaria / Perioperative benefits of distant ischemic conditioning in coronary revascularization

Introducción: Una serie de breves periodos de isquemias a distancia pueden limitar el daño miocárdico producido por la isquemia/reperfusión. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias entre los dos grupos (control y estudio) teniendo en cuanta el consumo de inotrópicos y/o vasopresores durante los períodos intra y posoperatorio, así como, incidencia de eventos adversos cardiacos mayores y mortalidad en el postoperatorio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, explicativo, comparativo con control histórico, en dos grupos de 247 pacientes, propuestos para revascularización coronaria. Se colocó un torniquete en el brazo derecho, en el grupo estudio, alternando 3 insuflaciones con 3 desinsuflaciones con una presión de 200 mmHg, manteniéndola 5 min cada una. Este proceder se realizó previo, durante y después del evento isquémico mayor, provocado por el pinzamiento de la arteria coronaria. Resultados: Se logró una disminución significativa del consumo de drogas inotrópicas y vasoactivas. Se comprobó además, la disminución en la incidencia de bajo gasto cardiaco reversible, fibrilación ventricular, nuevo infarto agudo de miocardio. Conclusiones: El condicionamiento isquémico a distancia es una importante herramienta a tener en cuenta para la protección cardiaca perioperatoria en la revascularización coronaria(AU)

Introduction: A series of brief distant ischemia periods can limit myocardial damage produced by ischemia or reperfusion. Objective: To analyze the differences between the two groups (control and study) taking into account the consumption of inotropics and/or vasopressors during the intraoperative and postoperative periods, as well as the incidence of major cardiac adverse events and mortality in the postoperative period. Methods: A quasiexperimental, explanatory and comparative study with historical control was conducted on two groups of 247 patients proposed for coronary revascularization. A tourniquet was placed to the right arm, in the study group, alternating three insufflations with three dessufflations with a pressure of 200 mmHg, keeping each for five minutes. This procedure was performed before, during and after the major ischemic event, caused by pinching of the coronary artery. Results: A significant decrease in the consumption of inotropic and vasoactive drugs was achieved. The decrease in the incidence of low reversible cardiac output, ventricular fibrillation, and new acute myocardial infarction was also proven. Conclusions: Distant ischemic conditioning is an important tool to be taken into account for perioperative cardiac protection in coronary revascularization(AU)